Grand Seiko is a Japanese luxury watch brand launched in 1960 as Seiko's highest-precision line and operated as a standalone brand since 2017. It builds three complete movement families in-house: the 9S mechanical series including the 36,000vph Hi-Beat, the 9R Spring Drive series with its glide-motion seconds hand and no escapement, and the 9F high-accuracy quartz. Watches are assembled at the Shizukuishi studio in Iwate and the Shinshu studio in Nagano, and cases are finished by Zaratsu blade polishing that produces a distortion-free mirror surface.